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101.
This report seeks to address the role of hydrogen bonding with Brønsted acids and bases in proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) as it pertains to concerted or stepwise pathways of quinone (Q) and hydroquinone (QH2) electrochemistry. This study was performed using a series of techniques that included cyclic voltammetry (CV), digital simulations, computational chemistry and 1H NMR. Hydrogen bonding was inferred by a decrease in diffusion coefficient (D) values measured using a pulsed gradient echo- (PGE-) 1H NMR technique. Changes of 40.8% and 37.9% in D values were only noted after the addition of two equivalents of acetate to 1,4-hydroquinone (1,4-QH2) and catechol (1,2-QH2), respectively. In contrast, the D values for the addition of selected amines (pyridine, N,N-diisopropylethylamine and triethylamine) changed only 3.2% on average. Quantum mechanical calculations were conducted to determine the pKa of all quinoid species to serve as a starting point for the determination of equilibrium constants in voltammetric simulations. Simulations indicate that 1,4-benzoquinone undergoes stepwise electron-proton transfer upon addition of acetic acid, N-ethyldiisopropylammonium perchlorate and pyridinium nitrate and were simulated without the presence of hydrogen bonds. The QH2 compounds show stepwise proton-electron transfers after addition of the both the conjugate amines and acetate. 相似文献
102.
Thompson Stewart; Recober Ana; Vogel Timothy W.; Kuburas Adisa; Owens Jessica A.; Sheffield Val C.; Russo Andrew F.; Stone Edwin M. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2010,124(6):821
Detection of light in the eye underlies image-forming vision, but also regulates adaptive responses in physiology and behavior. Typically these adaptive responses do not involve image-forming vision, but depend on a relatively absolute measure of brightness (nonimage-forming irradiance detection). The goal of this study was to further understand how image-forming vision and nonimage-forming irradiance detection contribute to the effects of light on behavior. Three light dependent behaviors were assessed in wild-type, Rpe65-/- and rd1 mice. In Rpe65-/- mice, nonimage-forming irradiance detection is severely attenuated, but rod based visual acuity is relatively preserved. In rd1 mice visual acuity is nonrecordable, but nonimage-forming responses are less severely attenuated than Rpe65-/-. Positive masking, an image-forming vision dependent increase in wheel running, was absent in rd1 and restricted to higher irradiances in Rpe65-/-. Negative masking, a suppression of wheel running sensitivity with nonimage-forming irradiance detection input, was increased in rd1, but reduced in Rpe65-/- mice. By contrast, light aversion, an avoidance of brightly lit areas, was abolished in both Rpe65-/- and rd1. This shows that image-forming vision is not sufficient for light aversion, suggesting nonimage-forming irradiance detection motivates this behavior. Further, the differing effects of disease suggest that negative masking and light aversion are distinct responses with specialized nonimage-forming irradiance detection pathways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
103.
Swee Tiam Tan Junliang Zhao Iwan S. Xiao Wei Sun Xiaohong Tang Jiandong Ye Bosman M. Leijun Tang Guo-Qiang Lo Teo K.L. 《Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on》2010,57(1):129-133
n-ZnO/n-GaAs heterostructured light-emitting diodes have been fabricated by a low-cost ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Nanoscale interface analysis was carried out with scanning transmission electron microscopy. An ~ 8.6-nm-thick amorphous GaAsZnInO was found in the n -ZnO/n-GaAs interface. A strong and broad white electroluminescence band centered at ~ 525 nm and a weak near-infrared emission peaked at ~ 815 nm were observed when n-GaAs was positively biased. The 815-nm emission is believed to be related to the interface layer, and the 525-nm emission is assigned to the recombination of electrons from conduction band to deep-level holes in the ZnO layer. 相似文献
104.
The isolated effect of O2(a1Δg) on the propagation of C2H4 lifted flames was studied at reduced pressures (3.61 kPa and 6.73 kPa). The O2(a1Δg) was produced in a microwave discharge plasma and was isolated from O and O3 by NO addition to the plasma afterglow in a flow residence time on the order of 1 s. The concentrations of O2(a1Δg) and O3 were measured quantitatively through absorption by sensitive off-axis integrated-cavity-output spectroscopy and one-pass line-of-sight absorption, respectively. Under these conditions, it was found that O2(a1Δg) enhanced the propagation speed of C2H4 lifted flames. Comparison with the results of enhancement by O3 found in part I of this investigation provided an estimation of 2-3% of flame speed enhancement for 5500 ppm of O2(a1Δg) addition from the plasma. Numerical simulation results using the current kinetic model of O2(a1Δg) over-predicts the flame propagation enhancement found in the experiments. However, the inclusion of collisional quenching rate estimations of O2(a1Δg) by C2H4 mitigated the over-prediction. The present isolated experimental results of the enhancement of a hydrocarbon fueled flame by O2(a1Δg), along with kinetic modeling results suggest that further studies of CnHm + O2(a1Δg) collisional and reactive quenching are required in order to correctly predict combustion enhancement by O2(a1Δg). The present experimental results will have a direct impact on the development of elementary reaction rates with O2(a1Δg) at flame conditions to establish detailed plasma-flame kinetic mechanisms. 相似文献
105.
Jean-Marc Valin Author Vitae Daniel V. Smith Author Vitae Timothy B. Terriberry Author Vitae 《Computers & Electrical Engineering》2010,36(4):603-616
Signal processing applications use sinusoidal modelling for speech synthesis, speech coding, and audio coding. Estimation of the model parameters involves non-linear optimisation methods, which can be very costly for real-time applications. We propose a low-complexity iterative method that starts from initial frequency estimates and converges rapidly. We show that for N sinusoids in a frame of length L, the proposed method has a complexity of O(LN), which is significantly less than the matching pursuits method. Furthermore, the proposed method is shown to be more accurate than the matching pursuits and time-frequency reassignment methods in our experiments. 相似文献
106.
“Energy Security” has typically, to those involved in making energy policy, meant mostly securing access to oil and other fossil fuels. With increasingly global, diverse energy markets, however, and increasingly transnational problems resulting from energy transformation and use, old energy security rationales are less salient, and other issues, including climate change and other environmental, economic, and international considerations are becoming increasingly important. As a consequence, a more comprehensive operating definition of “Energy Security” is needed, along with a workable framework for analysis of which future energy paths or scenarios are likely to yield greater Energy Security in a broader, more comprehensive sense. Work done as a part of the Nautilus Institute's “Pacific Asia Regional Energy Security” (PARES) project developed a broader definition of Energy Security, and described an analytical framework designed to help to compare the energy security characteristics – both positive and negative – of different quantitative energy paths as developed using software tools such as the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) system. 相似文献
107.
108.
Sema Sevinç Şengör Petros Gikas James G Moberly Brent M Peyton Timothy R Ginn 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2012,87(3):374-380
BACKGROUND: Microbial behavior in batch reactors may be different from that in continuous flow reactors, which is expected to affect microbial response to heavy metal exposure. Four parallel continuous flow reactors and batch growth tests were used to investigate the single and joint toxicity of Zn and Cu to Artrobacter sp. JM018. RESULTS: The results indicated that Cu is more toxic than Zn under all conditions. In the batch reactors, all Zn concentrations showed a stimulatory effect on microbial growth. However in the continuous system, 125 µmol L?1 Zn exposure produced inhibition. In the case of mixed Zn and Cu exposures in the batch system, the presence of Zn reduced the severity of Cu inhibition, with a net impact of reduced growth in all cases, whereas in the continuous system microbial growth and substrate utilization rates sharply decreased and ceased. CONCLUSION: The results clearly showed that growth in batch reactors underestimated significantly the heavy metal inhibition, compared with the continuous system. Therefore, the results of batch reactor tests should not be used directly when heavy metal inhibition is to be interpreted for continuous flow systems. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
109.
This paper shows how model simplification, by replacing iterative steps with unitary predictive equations, can enable dynamic interaction with a complex simulation process. Model previews extend the techniques of dynamic querying and query previews into the context of ad hoc simulation model exploration. A case study is presented within the domain of counter-current chromatography. The relatively novel method of insight evaluation was applied, given the exploratory nature of the task. The evaluation data show that the trade-off in accuracy is far outweighed by benefits of dynamic interaction. The number of insights gained using the enhanced interactive version of the computer model was more than six times higher than the number of insights gained using the basic version of the model. There was also a trend for dynamic interaction to facilitate insights of greater domain importance. 相似文献
110.
This research explores the relationship between campus political norms and student political participation. This study conceptualizes norms as a group‐level construct by collecting data at several universities (k = 32 universities, n = 1,389 students) where norms vary without campaign intervention. Multilevel modeling reveals that perceptions of political norms converge within universities. Further, frequency of political communication at the group‐ and individual‐level explains increases in normative perceptions. This increase is meaningful because norms at the group level were predictive of political behaviors at the individual level. This research documents the existence of political norms beyond the individual level of analysis and highlights the important role of political norms, political communication, and social context in understanding political participation. 相似文献